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| Introduction :: |
Renal failure is a condition in which the kidneys are unable to perform their normal function of excreting wastes, removing toxins, and balancing internal chemical environment of the body. The main causes of renal failure are:
- Urinary tract infection
- Diabetes
- Poor Quality of water
- High blood pressure
In the event of renal failure, toxins from the body can be removed through Dialysis. Dialysis is a process by which selective diffusion of solutes through membranes. It permits diffusion of low molecular weight solutes, but prevents passage of colloidal & high molecular weight solutes from body. There are two methods of Dialysis. These are:
Haemodialysis, in which dialysis is done outside the body of patients (like an artificial kidney)
Peritoneal dialysis, in which dialysis is done inside the patient’s body.
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Process Description :: |
Dialyser (Artificial Kidney) consists of a cylinder filled with cellulose hollow fibres & internal diameter of 200 – 300 microns. Blood flows through the fibres, dialysate flows in counter current direction outside the fibres. Dialysate is a solution that contains different amounts of sugar and electrolytes. Impurities like waste products, toxins, & water are passed from the blood through the semi-permeable membrane to the dialysate. That basically means the dialysate must use water free from various ionic and biological impurities. The standards acceptable for water for dialysis, as per Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI),are
Aluminium - 0.01 ppm, Total hardness – 21 ppm, Free chlorine – 0.5 ppm, Nitrates – 2 ppm, & Sulphates – 100 ppm
Indian Ion exchange offers INDIAN treatment plant for Dialysis ranging from 10 lts/hr to 2000 lts/hr for producing the right quality of water as per AAMI standards. The Indian Water treatment Plant for Dialysis consists of following Two Schemes ::
- Scheme 1 - Multimedia filter - Dosing system / Softening - Micron filter - High pressure pump - RO - RO Storage Tank - Boosting pump - DM Plant - Mix Bed Plant - Micronfilter Duplex - Ulttraviolet Systems (UV) - End Usage
- Scheme 2 - Multimedia filter - Dosing system / Softening - Micron filter - High pressure pump - RO I - RO Storage Tank - Boosting pump - Micron Catridge Filter (MCF) - High Pressure Pump - RO II - End Usage
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We have incorporated membrane processes UF & RO for producing dialysate water. UF acts as a perfect pretreatment to RO for removal of silica, turbidity, colloidal particles, bacteria, pyrogens, etc. RO has the following advantages over Demineralisation:
- Removes Aluminium better
- No regeneration required, saving on chemicals & downtime for regeneration
- No problem of waste disposal (acid & alkali regenerant waste)
Removes pyrogens & bacteria
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